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Objective: To identify whether positive, negative, or zero work is being done, to identify the force that is doing the work, and to describe the energy transformation associated with such work.

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Engineering Safer Helmets

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Apply science and engineering ideas to design an experiment that will test which material minimizes force during a collision.

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Apply engineering ideas to evaluate data that will determine which material is best for a helmet.

Design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

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Apply science and engineering ideas to refine a design in order to develop a design that is safest.

Evaluating Results

Comprehend the physics principles associated with the experimental design and analysis.

Designing the Experiment

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Refining the Experiment

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Activity 1: Designing the Experiment Students wanted to explore ways of making football helmets safer. They decided to design an experiment in which a rolling cart could represent a moving football player. To represent the helmet, they placed different types of padding on the end of the cart that would crash into a force probe mounted to a track. The force probe would quantify the force exerted on the padding over the time of the collision. Four materials were tested as padding: styrofoam, solid rubber, a rubber air bladder (similar to a thick balloon), and polyurethane foam.

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Activity 4: Refining the Experiment During an original test with polyurethane foam as a padding material, the force vs time graph recorded during the collision looked like the graph below. During the original test, the cart was initially moving at 50 cm/s and came to rest after the collision with the force probe. The teacher now challenged students to refine their padding design in such a way so that when the cart moves twice as fast (100 cm/s) it would not experience a greater maximum force than it did in the original test.

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Compared to the original test, which one of the following graphs could represent the cart’s collision if it was moving with twice the initial speed?

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Consider the following three statements. Two are TRUE and one is FALSE. Select the FALSE statement.

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