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Objective: To identify whether positive, negative, or zero work is being done, to identify the force that is doing the work, and to describe the energy transformation associated with such work.

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Thermal Equilibrium

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Complete a paragraph expressing your understanding of how to conduct an investigation of heat transfer.

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Use an understanding of heat transfer and thermal equilibrium to identify expected results for a heat transfer experiment.

An NGSS-Inspired Activity

Identify testable questions and solvable problems that are associated with thermal equilibrium.

Predict numerical values for the outcome of a trial when performed under a variety of initial conditions.

Analyzing the Data

Propose acceptable explanations for and working solutions to common problems associated with an investigation of heat transfer.

Planning the Investigation

Next Steps

Predicting the Results

Conducting the Investigation

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Activity 5: Next Steps The teacher told students that they could design their own experiment to investigate some aspects of thermal equilibrium. Each group needed to come up with either a testable question or a problem that they were trying to solve.

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Each Science Reasoning task is based on a passage or story that presents data and information or describes an experiment or phenomenon. Students must combine an understanding of science content and science reasoning skills (science practices) to answer questions about the passage or story. Tap anywhere to view the passage.

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6,3,3,3,3,7,7,7,7,4,4,4,4,1,1,1,1

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Planning an Investigation,Conducting an Investigation,Analyzing Data,Predicting Results,Next Steps

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Stopping Distance One aspect of safe driving involves the ability to stop a car readily. This ability depends upon the driver's alertness and readiness to stop, the conditions of the road, the speed of the car, and the braking characteristics of the car. The actual distance it takes to stop a car consists of two parts - the reaction distance and braking distance. When a driver sees an event in his/her field of view that might warrant braking (for example, a dog running into the street), a collection of actions must be taken before the braking actually begins. First the driver must identify the event and decide if braking is necessary. Then the driver must lift his/her foot off the gas pedal and move it to the brake pedal. And finally, the driver must press the brake down its full distance in order to obtain maximum braking acceleration. The time to do all this is known as the reaction time. The distance traveled during this time is known as the reaction distance. Once the brakes are applied, the car begins to slow to a stop. The distance traveled by the car during this time is known as the braking distance. The braking distance is dependent upon the original speed of the car, the road conditions, and characteristics of the car such as its profile area, mass and tire conditions. Figure 1 shows the stopping distance for a Toyota Prius on dry pavement resulting from a 0.75-second reaction time. The reaction time of the driver is highly dependent upon the alertness of the driver. Small changes in reaction time can have a large effect upon the total stopping distance. Table 1 shows the reaction distance, braking distance, and total stopping distance for a Toyota Prius with an original speed of 50.0 mi/hr and varying reaction times.

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Activity 2: Conducting the Investigation Students conduct an investigation in which they mixed two beakers of different temperature water and let the mixture come to an equilibrium temperature.

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Activity 1: Planning the Investigation Students were given the task of comparing the heat lost by one object to heat gained by another when they are in contact with each other. Students decide to do an investigation by mixing two beakers of different temperature water and let the mixture come to an equilibrium temperature.

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Activity 3: Analyzing Data Students decided to repeat their thermal equilibrium experiment making some modifications. Rather than use beakers, they decided to use insulated cups with lids. They also decided to use temperature sensors that record the temperature of the sample every second and send this data to a computer.