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Objective: To identify whether positive, negative, or zero work is being done, to identify the force that is doing the work, and to describe the energy transformation associated with such work.

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The Ammonia Factory

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Complete two paragraphs describing how reversible systems respond when their equilibrium is disturbed. Paragraphs have 14 and 7 blanks.

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Combine the Equilibrium Model with other models (e.g., Stoichiometry and Kinetics) to design an ammonia production facility.

An NGSS-aligned activity targeting HS-PS1-6 and HS-ETS1-4.

Identify evidence that supports the design of an ammonia production facility and discern the trade-offs between profit, safety, and the environment.

Use given data as the basis for suggesting a modification of the design of an ammonia production facility.

Planning an Investigation

Predict the direction of the shift occurring caused by a pressure/temperature change or the addition/removal of reactant/product.

Grasping the Concept

Board Meeting

Refining the Design

Shifty Chemistry

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Activity 3: Planning an Investigation You are working as a chemical engineering consultant to solve a design problem for Haber Manufacturing, an ammonia (NH3) production facility. They have given you 180-day access to one of their production lines to conduct a pilot study. Your objective is to determine the conditions that lead to the highest daily yield of ammonia. Haber Manufacturing synthesizes NH3 by the reaction N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇄ 2 NH3(g) The reaction is reversible and has a ∆H of -92.4 kJ. The production facility uses a continuous flow process as opposed to a batch process. Raw materials flow into the reactor on a continuous basis and react while they flow from the entry point to the exit point. For this reason, it is critically important that the reaction occur relatively fast, before the gases reach the end of the production line. There are four input parameters to consider in your pilot study: Reactor Temperature (ranges from 0°C to 1500°C)Reactor Pressure (ranges from 1 atm to 1500 atm)N2 Flow Rate (ranges from 0 L/min to 200 L/min)H2 Flow Rate (ranges from 0 L/min to 200 L/min) Haber will provide a daily report that identifies five output parameters. They are ... Percent Yield (averaged for that day)Daily Yield of NH3 (in kg)Daily Profit (in $, indexed to fixed costs of raw materials and NH3 sale price)Carbon Rating (1 – 100; based on electrical costs*)Safety Rating (1 – 100; based on reactor temperature and pressure) Besides the Equilibrium Model for reversible reactions, you will also need to consider three additional models: Stoichiometry: The coefficients in the balanced chemical equation indicate the ratio of N2 to H2 required by the reaction.Kinetics: Reaction rates are greater at higher temperatures compared to lower temperatures. Reaction rates also increase with increasing concentrations.Thermodynamics: Substances such as NH3 are less stable at high temperatures and tend to decompose more rapidly when exposed to excessively high temperatures. * The NH3 production process does not directly produce ammonia. The Carbon Rating is tied to electrical power generation which relies on combustion of natural gas. 

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Activity 4: Refining the Design Your project team has taken over the operation of Production Line 12 at the ammonia production plant. Each day, you run the line with a different set of parameter values. You carefully record the input parameters – reactor temperature, reactor pressure, N2 flow rate, and H2 flow rate. By day’s end, you receive a report identifying the average % yield value, the amount of NH3 produced, the company profits, and a carbon rating and risk rating. Your team is making steady progress towards the goal: determining the conditions that lead to the greatest daily NH3 production. Making such progress demands careful analysis of the data and good decision-making. In this activity, you will demonstrate your ability to analyze the data to make decisions that optimize the amount of NH3 production.

Activity 5: Board Meeting As the end of the 180-day pilot study approaches, your project team is preparing for their presentation to the Board of Directors of Haber Manufacturing. In the presentation, you will identify the conditions that result in the greatest daily production of NH3 and provide supporting evidence and reasoning for your claim. You will also present some of the trade-offs associated with operating the production line at such high temperature and pressure conditions. The presentation will center around the use of a Slide Deck with your claims and evidence.The Board will have questions after your presentation. You will need to be prepared for the most difficult questions

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Several Board members are disatisfied with the Carbon Rating. They want to reduce it. Which data and accompanying statements most scientifically describe the trade-offs associated with their concerns?

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The following reversible system is at equilibrium:

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