The color  appearance of an object depends upon the colors (wavelengths) of light that are reflected by the object to the observer's eyes. The object can interact with the incident light to absorb one or more colors of light. This is called color subtraction. The colors that are not absorbed or subtracted from the incident light are reflected to the observer's eyes.
 

There are three similar versions of this question. Here is one of those versions:
 

Version 1:

A shirt appears red when red light shines on it. And the same shirt appears blue when blue light shines on it. What color will this shirt appear when magenta light shines on it?
 


 

The Fundamentals
This Concept Builder will demand that you understand both color addition and color subtraction. The graphic at the right is a great starting point. It shows the three primary colors of light - red, green, and blue. It also shows the three secondary colors of light - cyan, magenta, and yellow. It is important that you understand that a secondary color of light can be thought of as being equivalent to a mixture of two primary light colors. In other words ...

  • Magenta light = Red light + Blue light
  • Yellow light = Red light + Green light
  • Cyan light = Blue light + Green light

This is called color addition

Now as you approach a question like this one, you think in terms of primary light colors. For instance, you think of magenta light as being red + blue light (or yellow as being red + green light, etc.).


The Incident-Absorbed-Reflected Model
A useful model for analyzing color questions is what we call the incident-absorbed-reflected model. The model suggests that a successful analysis includes three steps ... with each step involving the answering of a question. Those steps or questions are ...

  1. What primary color(s) of light are incident upon the shirt?
  2. Of the primary light colors that are incident, which color(s) is/are absorbed by the shirt?
  3. Of the primary light colors that are incident, which color(s) is/are reflected by the shirt?


The absorbed light color(s) is/are subtracted from the incident light colors. This is called color subtraction. Once the subtraction process is complete, the result is the reflected light color. It is the reflected light color that reaches the observer's eye and determines the color appearance of the shirt.


Applying the Principles
In the example question (see About This  Question), we observe in the first two diagrams that the shirt reflects red light and blue light. (We don't know anything about green light ... nor will we need to). In the third diagram, we see magenta light shining on the same shirt. We interpret magenta light to be equivalent to red light and blue light. And we know that each of these primary light colors are reflected by the shirt. And so there will be red light and blue light reflected to the observer's eye. This causes the shirt to appear magenta. 

Regardless of which one of the three forms of this question you receive, the thinking will be the same. Interpret everything in terms of primary light colors, determine which primary light colors the shirt absorbs and/or reflects from the first two diagrams, and then apply the information to the third diagram to determine its color appearance.
 

Try these links to The Physics Classroom Tutorial for more help with the understanding the relationship between incident light, absorbed light, and reflected light.

Light Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission

Color Subtraction
 

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